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Japanese Origami: A carefully crafted history

Japanese origami is the ancient art tradition of paper folding. Interestingly, the name of origami can be broken down, with ori meaning ‘folding’ and kami meaning ‘paper’. Japanese origami is the creation of a finished sculpture made from a flat square sheet of paper through a series of folding and sculpting techniques. Modern Japanese origami discourages the use of cutting, glueing or marking the paper as this is associated with kirigami origami which is more characteristic of Chinese papercraft.

An Ancient Art

Traditional Japanese origami has evolved over many hundreds of years from very basic, ritual objects to the myriad of contemporary designs we see today. The origami bases that are the beginnings of so many origami models are Japanese in origin. Many specific origami models have beginnings that are difficult to trace, however, we know that some are much older than others.
In Japan, the earliest reference to a Japanese origami is in a short poem by Ihara Saikaku, written in 1680, which mentions a traditional butterfly design used during Shinto weddings. It then wasn’t until the 1860s when Japan opened its borders that Japanese origami became more prominent. As part of a modernization strategy, Japan imported Froebel’s Kindergarten system, the system of pre-school in which children were taught through creative play, and with it, German ideas about paper folding. These ideas and some of the European folding repertoire were integrated into the Japanese tradition.
By the early 1900s, many people began creating and recording original Japanese origami works. This led to a number of innovations, such as wet-folding and the Yoshizawa–Randlett diagramming system, a diagramming system used to describe the folds of origami models. During the 1980s a number of folders started systematically studying the mathematical properties of folded forms, which led to a rapid increase in the complexity of Japanese origami models.

Exploring Japanese Origami

Action Origami
Action Japanese origami includes origami that flies, requires inflation to complete or, when complete, can be moved by hand from 9intricatley designed flaps or limbs within the origami structure.
Modular Origami
Modular Japanese origami consists of putting a number of identical pieces together to form a complete model. Normally, the individual pieces are simple but the final assembly may be tricky.
Wet Folding
Wet-folding is a Japanese origami technique for producing models with gentle curves rather than geometric straight folds and flat surfaces. The paper is dampened so it can be moulded easily, allowing the final model to keep its shape when it dries.
Pureland Origami
Pureland origami is rather complex as the structure only allows you to use simple mountain and valley folds, with all the folds having to be straightforward. Some Japanese origami designers like the challenge of creating unique origami within these very strict constraints.
Origami Tessellations
Origami tessellation is a branch that has grown in popularity since 2000. A tessellation is a collection of figures filling a plane with no gaps or overlaps. In origami tessellations, pleats are used to connect the paper structures such as twist folds together in a repeating fashion.
Kirigami
Kirigami is a Japanese term for paper cutting. Cutting was often used in traditional origami, but modern innovations in the technique have made the use of cuts unnecessary. Most Japanese origami designers no longer consider models with cuts to be origami, instead using the term ‘Kirigami’ to describe them.
Strip Folding
Strip folding is a combination of paper folding and paper weaving. A common example of strip folding is called the lucky star, dream star, wishing star, or simply origami star where alternating star shapes are crafted by specifically folding and weaving strips of paper.

Traditional Techniques and Materials

When it comes to crafting Japanese origami, there are several basic techniques that are used to create the sculptures. This includes simple diagrams of basic folds, such as the valley and mountain folds, pleats, reverse folds, squash folds, and sinks.
In terms of crafting materials, Japanese origami is made using paper or ‘kami’ that is square and thin, making it suitable for folding. It is commonly coloured on one side and white on the other, however, dual coloured and pattern versions are also often used. Japanese origami is also made using a range of traditional and artisanal Japanese papers such as washi, unryu, lokta, hanji and gampi. Their delicate and thin nature allows them to be easily compressed to create intricate pieces of Japanese origami.
It is common to fold using a flat surface, but some folders like crafting Japanese origami in the air with no tools, especially when displaying the folding. Many folders believe that no tool should be used when folding Japanese origami, however, a couple of tools can help especially with the more complex models. Bone folders, paper clips and tweezers are all often used for more complex and intricate designs.
Looking to explore traditional Japanese craft? At Atelier Japan, all of our pieces are synonymous with Japanese culture, embodying meticulous design, a strong work ethic, and a focus on aesthetic brilliance. Visit our website to browse our collection of traditional tea, silverware, pottery, jewellery and fans that are handcrafted by traditional Japanese artisans. https://www.atelierjapan.co.uk/
                  

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Japanese Architecture: Beautifully built buildings

Japanese architecture a standout feature when taking in Japan’s surroundings. The country exhibits a variety of interesting buildings, houses, palaces, temples and shrines, each with their own unique styles. Japanese architecture has evolved vastly from ancient to modern times as early native designs were exposed to strong influences from the Asian mainland. Over time, styles have changed to suit more local tastes and recent history even shows the introduction of Western architecture into Japan.

Preserving architecture

Traditionally, Japanese architecture saw buildings built from wood due to an abundance of timber and the material’s relatively good resistance to earthquakes. Unfortunately, many buildings were lost over the years from Japan’s natural disasters, humid climates, fires and conflict. Given this, a lot of effort has gone into protecting and preserving Japanese architecture, including monumental buildings such as shrines, temples, palaces and castles. Japan is continuing to make efforts to reconstruct and renovate lost buildings of importance all across the country. Today, Japanese architecture has become quite a popular tourist attraction with beautiful pieces that can be seen all across the country.

Intricate history

The distinct look of Japanese architecture dates back to around early 57BC. Before this point, Japanese architecture consisted of wood and dirt floors with very little features differentiating them from homes across the globe. Architects up to this point and until 660AD were influenced by Korea, where buildings were made from stone and timber, however, there are very few remains of these early structures left.
The most important pieces of Japanese architecture are that of shrines, which showcased the very best skills that Japanese architects had to offer. Although shrines were often torn down and rebuilt, newer versions always remained faithful to the original design. The style of shrines heavily influences that of domestic and modern Japanese architecture in terms of its tower design and building materials. Japanese architecture went through several periods of innovation during the history of Japan, with the early 7th Century being dominated by early wooden structures. As Japan entered the Heian Period, in the 9th century, Chinese influences made their mark in Japanese architecture. Wooden temples began to emerge in greater numbers in new styles that were different yet still reminiscent of traditional Japanese design.
As Japan entered into the Kamakura and Muromachi eras, Japanese architecture was characterised by a far simpler design. The major development and design of tea houses became an important cultural statement in Japan. Shortly, Japanese zen architecture, Japanese Buddhist architectural style derived from Chinese Song Dynasty architecture, allowed for the building of castles during the 17th century. These castles were built in a similar style to that of shrines, with wooden structures and contrasting protruding roofs that retained elegance.
After World War II, Japan quickly modernized with the introduction and influence of Western architecture leading to some new and freshly designed buildings made from metal and concrete. Now, Japanese architecture continues to use new materials and different designs whilst still emphasising traditional, religious influences for building and homes that are elegant and unique.

Interior aesthetic

When we think about Japanese architecture, we usually overlook that of the inside aesthetic. Many Japanese buildings boast beautiful exteriors, however, the indoor architecture and aesthetics are just as important and intricate. The most typical feature you will find in Japanese architecture is wood. In old Japanese houses, wood was given great respect and was not concealed by paint or other coatings; it was used in its natural form so that the grain could be appreciated. Influences from Shinto and Buddhism influences come through in the naturalness of Japanese architecture. Both religions have strong connections with nature, amplifying the use of natural light and raw wood.
Another traditional aesthetic feature of Japanese architecture is that of screens and sliding doors. These natural and light screens tend to be constructed of paper and are often handpainted. They are designed to divide and re-divide rooms whilst still allowing for the flow of light and shadows. These features of Japanese architecture and aesthetics have become very common amongst Western countries, who have been inspired by Japanese design and translated into their own aesthetic.
Looking to add some display aesthetic pieces that are assimilated with Japanese design and architecture? At Atelier Japan we have an exquisite collection of pottery, fans and decorative ornaments that have been handcrafted to add something unique and authentic to your home. Explore our collections to discover more of our unique pieces designed to bring meaning to your interior.  https://www.atelierjapan.co.uk/
 
                        

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Kabuki: All there is to know about the traditional Japanese dance-drama

Kabuki is a traditional Japanese popular drama with singing and dancing that is performed in a highly stylized manner. This Japanese art is a rich blend of music, dance, mime and spectacular staging and costuming. Kabuki has been a major theatrical form in Japan for almost four centuries, dating right back to the early 17th century. The term Kabuki originally suggested the unorthodox and shocking character of this art form. In modern Japanese, the word is written in three characters, with each syllable translating to ‘song’, ‘dance’ and ‘skill’. Let’s delve into the rich past of this traditional Japanese art form and what makes it so unique.

A step back in time

Kabuki originates back to the early 1600s when a woman named Izumo no Okuni began performing a special new style of dance that she had created. This Japanese play caught on almost instantly. Japanese women began learning Kabuki dances and performing them for audiences, these dances had a very suggestive nature and in 1629 the government banned women from performing them. From this period, men took over the dance. These new male dancers were typically young and were referred to as ‘wakashu’. Once more, in 1652, the government banned young males from dancing as it became common for brawls to break out at performances.
Kabuki made its return during the ‘Golden Age’ which lasted from 1673 to 1841. The dances began to have a more formal structure and lasted all day from sunrise to sunset. Despite Kabuki theatres growing in popularity, just as Kabuki reached its peak, many of the theatres were destroyed during World War II, with forces banning the play. This ban lasted until 1947, however, after the war, Japan tried to rebuild and reestablish itself with the people of Japan rejecting some traditional ways, and so the art of Kabuki was almost abandoned. Just as Kabuki faded out of society, a director began to produce plays that revitalised Kabuki, bringing it into modern popularity.

A token from the audience

Kabuki plays are traditionally interactive with constant interplay taking place between actors and spectators of the theatre. Actors frequently interrupted the play to address the crowd and who responded with praise for the actors and plenty of applause. Many audience members would also call out the names of their favourite actors of the plays during the course of the performance. These performances often incorporated traditional Japanese themes and customs that reflected the four seasons, they also selected material based on both modern and historical events.
As Kabuki plays ran from sunrise to sunset, many spectators often attended for only a single play or scene, meaning the theatres were a constant hustle and bustle of audience members coming and going. At mealtimes, food and refreshments would be served to the viewers, usually from surrounding teahouses. The areas around the Kabuki theatres were filled with shops selling souvenirs with this art form becoming a true piece of Japanese entertainment.

Anatomy of the art form

When it comes to Kabuki stage sets, showmanship doesn’t fall short. Dynamic stage sets such as revolving platforms and trapdoors allowed for the all-important scene and set changes as well as the appearance and disappearance of actors throughout the plot. Many Kabuki stages have a footbridge, referred to as ‘hanamich’, that leads through to the audience, allowing for a dramatic entrance or exit.
The stage’s ambience will often be complemented by live music, performed using traditional instruments. Music was used to set the mood of the play and was also used to emphasize important points in each play. Music was also used to direct the actors who were trained to take their cues based on the music rather than stage directions.
Most Kabuki theatre plots were typically focused on important events in Japanese history, other plots also consisted of warm-hearted dramas, moral conflicts, love stories and tales of tragedy. Strict censorship was put in place to make sure the plays did not become critical of the government. To enhance the enjoyment of the traditional Kabuki, it is common to read a little about the story before attending.
Kabuki theatres relied heavily on the stages, plots and music in their performances and depicted a wide variety of themes and genres. With its roots tracing back to the Edo Period, this Japanese art form is an intrinsic part of Japanese culture. At Atelier Japan, we strive to keep Japanese culture and ancient techniques alive with our range of handcrafted tea, silverware, pottery, jewellery and fans that are handcrafted by Japanese artisans. Explore more of our collections below for handcrafted Japanese products that tell their own story.

                  

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Japanese Customs: All you need to know about travelling in Japan

When it comes to Japanese customs, there is a lot to take in, but understanding just why it is that they are carried out is quite interesting to explore. If you’re planning on visiting this unique culture, improving your knowledge of Japanese customs can be very worthwhile and make your journey a whole lot simpler. Let’s take a look at the top ten Japanese customs you need to know before jetting off to the beautiful country.

#1 Addressing Others

Bowing is a highly important part of Japanese customs. Japanese customs are influenced by their views on respect, especially when you are addressing someone. How you address another person will depend on their position and the circumstance. A simple inclination of the head or an attempt at a bow at the waist is sufficient in showing signs of respect. A friend may receive a short and swift bow whereas an office superior may receive a slower, more extended bow.

#2 Table Manners

When it comes to Japanese customs, table manners are highly important. Some simple Japanese customs to take in include slurping noodles and making loud noises while dining as this is accepted to show you are enjoying your meal. Raising a bowl to your mouth is a custom that is accepted throughout Japan to make your meal easier to eat with chopsticks, and before eating it is polite to say ‘itadakimasu’, or ‘I will receive’.
Japanese customs also suggest that if you’re with a dinner party and receive drinks, wait before raising the glass to your lips. When dining you will receive a small wet cloth to use to wash your hands before eating. This towel, or ‘Oshibori’, has long been part of hospitality culture in Japan for visitors to use.

#3 No Tipping

Japanese customs suggest that there should be no tipping in any situation in Japan, as it is seen as an insult. A price is a price in Japan, whether it is a taxi journey, restaurant meal or personal care, tipping isn’t something that’s carried out as the services you have asked for are covered by their original price.

#4 Chopsticks

When it comes to Japanese customs, chopsticks play a large role. Depending on where you choose to dine in Japan, you may be required to use chopsticks. If for some reason you can’t already use chopsticks or are yet to experience them during dining, you should have fun trying to learn this traditional Japanese eating technique before passing up the opportunity.

#5 Thresholds

When entering all homes, most business and hotels, it’s typical to remove your shoes. Again, Japanese customs are based on their focus on respect and removing your shoes is a great way to demonstrate your understanding of this important part of Japanese culture. Usually, a rack will be provided to store your shoes, and a pair of guest slippers will be sitting nearby to bring you comfort.

#6 Masks

It’s not uncommon for you to see people of Japan wearing sterilized masks. Commonly used day to day in Japan, these masks are used to protect both the wearer and others from germs. They are nothing to be concerned about, in fact, Japanese customs such as this one are there to protect you from colds and germs that could hinder your travels.

#7 Individuality

Japanese customs focus closely on the people of Japan. The population of Japan don’t tend to draw attention to their individuality. It’s customary to make sure that you don’t blow your nose in public, try to avoid eating while on the go, and don’t speak on your cell phone in crowded public areas to avoid drawing attention to yourself.

#8 Bathing

Japanese customs embrace public bathhouses. Sento, or neighbourhood bathhouses, can be found all across the country from the largest areas in Shinjuku to the small towns on the island of Shikoku. Onsen, or hot springs, are also very popular as a weekend excursion.
If you are to be invited into a Japanese household, as the guest you will be given the honour of using the bath first. Being extra careful to make sure that you don’t dirty the water in any way is very important as it is the sanctity of the ofuro, a traditional Japanese type of bath.

#9 Speaking English

When it comes to Japanese customs, the people you meet Japan will generally assume that you are a native English speaker. The people of Japan are also not afraid to directly ask you where you are from, Japanese customs like this are friendly and bridge the language barrier. Japanese people know their language is difficult to master, therefore, many Japanese people will try to use English to communicate with you.

#10 Safety

Japan has a very low crime rate, which is evident throughout its cities. When it comes to Japanese customs, it’s not uncommon for Japanese people to warn you to be safe in your travels and to take care of your belongings. In fact, Japan is known for its indoor ATMs, parking lot attendants and security guards which are on hand to reduce crime and help visitors and civilians feel safe.
At Atelier Japan, our collection of traditional Japanese craft captures the true essence of Japanese culture. From traditional matcha tea to auspicious pottery. Visit our marker collections to browse our ranges of handcrafted tea, silverware, pottery, jewellery and fans that are handcrafted by artisans of Japan. https://www.atelierjapan.co.uk/
               

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Bonsai Trees: Symbolism and significance

The bonsai tree is a true Japanese art form that uniquely combines horticultural techniques and beautiful aesthetics. The art of the bonsai actually originated in the Chinese Empire and grew in popularity here before being imitated and adapted in Japan to become what we know and recognise today. Interestingly, ‘bonsai’ can be literally translated as ‘planted in a container’, though it’s the trees and how to nurture them that is the true fascination. Let’s take a look at this part of nature’s vast history and its role in Japanese culture.

Plant symbolism

The real purpose of bonsai is for each tree to act as a symbol of contemplation for those viewing them whilst also being an enjoyable past time. Unlike many other plant cultivation practices, bonsai are not intended for food or for medicine. Instead, taking care of these trees focuses on long-term cultivation and shaping the trees as they grow over time.
There are many styles and sizes of bonsai, as well as different ways of growing them. Over the years, bonsai trees have come to follow important aesthetic guidelines. They tend to be kept small, in proportion and symmetrical. Importantly, bonsai should still look natural, despite being so carefully nurtured.
The bonsai’s beauty extends further than that of its leaves. For tree’s being shown on display, the shape, colour, and size of its pot are chosen to complement the tree’s aesthetic. In fact, some bonsai pots are highly collectable, such as ancient Chinese or Japanese pots made in regions with experienced pot makers.

History of the tree

The history of the bonsai dates back to the 6th century where Imperial embassy personnel and Buddhist students from Japan visited and returned from mainland China, bringing ideas, goods and plants. These plants soon began to appear in Japanese writings and art. In the medieval period, these ‘dwarf trees’ were portrayed in handscroll paintings, becoming the earliest known to depictions of small trees that would later be known as the bonsai in Japan.
After the 1300’s Zen monks began to develop trays of landscapes so that a single tree in a pot, later known as bonsai, could represent the universe. As time progressed, everyone from military leader shoguns to the general population grew some form of tree or azalea in a pot or shell. By the late eighteenth century, a show for traditional pine dwarf potted trees was then held annually in Kyoto. Around the year 1800, a group of scholars of the Chinese arts gathered near the city of Osaka to discuss recent styles in miniature trees. Their dwarf trees were renamed as ‘bonsai’ in order to differentiate them from the ordinary ‘hachi-no-ki’, a more common potted tree.
Over the coming years, different sizes and styles of bonsai were developed, with catalogues and books about the trees, tools, and pots being published. As popularity grew, many early formal shows were held for this symbolic Japanese tree. Cultivation and caring methods also began to adapt with copper and iron wire replacing hemp fibres for shaping the trees.

Cultivation and Care

The most important part of the bonsai is care and cultivation. This tree requires techniques and tools that are specialised to support the growth and long term maintenance of the tree. Leaf trimming, pruning, wiring, clamping, grafting, defoliation and deadwood are all techniques used to cultivate and care for this symbolic plant.
Not only are the techniques important but the basic levels of care needed. Maintaining the long term health of a this tree requires specialist care. Watering must be regular and sufficient for the type of tree. Repotting must be carried out often using specially developed tools used for maintenance. Soil composition and fertilisation must be specialised to the needs of each tree as well as making sure that the bonsai is kept in the right light conditions both indoor and outdoor.
At Atelier Japan, we focus on true Japanese symbolism and history in all of our products. From the centuries-old techniques used by our expert makers to their modern takes on traditional craft, our collections of handcrafted tea, silverware, pottery, jewellery and fans are designed to bring meaning and heritage to your home. Visit Atelier Japan to be inspired by our collections. https://www.atelierjapan.co.uk/
 
                 

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The Samurai: The call for a certain culture

After first delving into the history of the samurai, it’s interesting to explore the culture of this pre-modern Japanese warrior. From the weapons they used to how they were addressed, there is a lot to take in when exploring the nature and evolution of this Japanese warrior. Let’s delve into the world of the samurai even deeper to understand how they fought, rose and became a cultural icon of Japan.

Warrior Weapons

Traditional Japanese weapons are highly associated with that of the samurai. There are many varieties and styles of samurai weapons, providing a unique and interesting range of Japanese weaponry to look into. The most popular choice of weapon of the samurai was the sword, a now synonymous icon of this historical Japanese warrior. Ancient Japanese swords from the Nara period featured a straight blade, though by the late 900s, different types of blades began to emerge. These included the curved tachi appeared, followed by the uchigatana and ultimately the katana. The Katana is one of Japans most famous weapons with its unique sharpness and strength. The Katana was strong enough to be used in defence and sharp enough to damage the enemy, earning its reputation as ‘the soul of the samurai’.
The yumi is a form of Japanese long-range bow. Crafted from bamboo, wood, rattan and leather, this weapon was favoured by samurai skilled in archery. The use of pole weapons was also highly popular, with the most popular types being the yari and the naginata. Whilst resembling a spear, the pole weapon’s curved blade was what made them so effective. The samurai also often chose to use the tanegashima, a type of Japanese matchlock. Tanegashima were produced on a large scale by Japanese gunsmiths, these then new weapons were highly effective, seeing them become the weapon of choice over the traditional yumi.

Artisinal Armour

As far back as the seventh century, Japanese warriors wore a form of lamellar armour, a type of armour made from small rectangular plates of iron and leather. This armour eventually evolved into the armour worn by that of the samurai. The first types of armour were known as yoroi and consisted of small individual scales known as kozane which were crafted using either iron or leather that was bound in small strips and coated with waterproof lacquer to protect the samurai armour from water. The strips were then laced together with silk or leather lace to form a complete chest armour, these parts were then combined to create the whole suit of armour. Alongside carrying their weapons and adornments, the samurai had to endure the weight of the intricately crafted armour that when completed weighed an astounding 66 lbs.
As time evolved, so did the nature of the samurai armour to accommodate the use of firearms, new fighting tactics and the need for more protection. As samurai armour changed over the coming years it developed drastically and so did the methods of warfare. The kozane armour was retired and replaced by a new iron-plated armour with added new features that protected the face, thigh and back as well as features such as the helmet and loincloth.

Noble Names

The samurai name is an intrinsic part of samurai culture, that has long been influenced by heritage. Each samurai would be named by combining the kanji, the Chinese characters that are used within the Japanese writing system, from their grandfather and one new kanji. It was also traditional to use only a small part of their total name when addressing each other which is why samurai have official nicknames. Unlike the nobles, this Japanese warrior tended to use their shorter names rather than their formal names. Because of this, samurai had four parts to their name: a true family name (their clan root), one that links to their family lineage, an official nickname for their first name, and a formal first name.
At Atelier Japan, we believe in preserving Japanese culture. Our brand is home to the finest traditional Japnese products that have been handcrafted by artisanal makers all across Japan to share with those interested in the culture and process of each collection. Visit Atelier Japan to explore our range of history and heritage-filled collections of tea, fans, silverware, pottery and jewellery. https://www.atelierjapan.co.uk/
 
            

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The Samurai: The warriors of pre-modern Japan

The samurai is a greatly respected military figure of Japan. From all eras and periods of Japanese history, the samurai evolved and adapted with the changing times to become what we know it as today. Samurai were usually associated with a clan and were trained as officers in military tactics and grand strategy. Let’s take a look at their history and how far this ancient military honour has come.

Asuka and Nara periods

The Asuka and Nara period is where the first depictions of the samurai began to emerge. The then ruler, Emperor Monmu introduced a new law whereby 1 in 3 Japanese adult males were to be drafted into the national military. This was one of the first attempts by the imperial government to form an organised army modelled after the Chinese system, however, it was believed to be short-lived. This new structure was divided into an array of ranks and sub-ranks with the 1st being the highest adviser to the emperor of the time. Those who belonged to the 6th rank and below were referred to as ‘samurai’ and were left to deal with the day-to-day affairs. Even though these ‘samurai’ were civilian public servants, the modern use of the word ‘samurai’ is said to derive from this movement.

Heian period

As Japan entered into the early Heian period, Emperor Kanmu sought to expand his rule, sending military campaigns against the Emishi. As time went on, the Emperor ultimately disbanded his army and his power gradually declined. Through his reign, many clans formed to protect themselves from the imperial magistrates. By the mid-Heian period, they had adopted characteristic Japanese armour and weapons which were thought to be the first steps in the establishment and evolution of this Japanese warrior.

Late Heian Period and Kamakura Bakufu

Originally, the Emperor and non-warrior nobility employed these newly allied warrior nobles. In time, the clans amassed plenty of manpower, resources and political backing. After the Genpei war, Yoritomo, the founder and the first shōgun, was allowed to organize soldiers and police, seeing the samurai-class begin to appear as the political ruling power in Japan.

Ashikaga shogunate and the Mongol invasions

Various samurai clans struggled for power during the Kamakura and Ashikaga Shogunates. Zen Buddhism spread among the samurai in the 13th century and helped to shape their standards of conduct, particularly overcoming the fear of death and killing. During this time, the samurai fought in the Mongolian invasions with the thunderstorms of 1274 and the typhoon of 1281 helping the warrior defenders of Japan repel the Mongol invaders. Invasions of neighbouring territories became common to avoid infighting, and bickering among samurai was a constant problem.

Sengoku period

The Sengoku period was marked by the loosening of samurai culture, with people born into other social statuses sometimes making a name for themselves as warriors. Japanese war tactics and technologies improved rapidly during this time and introduced a more mobilized infantry, providing the this Japanese warrior with the opportunity to evolve and improve their weapons and fighting skills. By the end of the Sengoku period, several hundred thousand firearms existed in Japan and massive armies numbering over 100,000 clashed in battles.

Azuchi–Momoyama period

During the Azuchi-Momoyama Period, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, who became a grand minister, created a law codifying the samurai caste as permanent and hereditary, and forbidding non-samurai to carry weapons. It is important to note that the distinction between the samurai and non-samurai was so obscure that during the 16th century, most male adults in any social class belonged to at least one military organization. Large battles occurred during the change between regimes, and a number of defeated warriors were retired of their duties, destroyed or became without a lord or master.

Tokugawa shogunate

During the Tokugawa shogunate, samurai increasingly became courtiers, bureaucrats, and administrators rather than warriors. With no warfare since the early 17th century, samurai gradually lost their military function. Here, samurai served as role model behaviour for the other social classes. With time on their hands, they pursued other interests such as becoming renowned scholars.

Decline

The last real evidence of the original Japanese warrior was in 1867 when the warriors from Chōshū and Satsuma provinces defeated the Shogunate forces in favour of the rule of the Emperor. Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai’s right to be the only armed force in favour of a more modern, Western-style army in 1873. The samurai finally came to an end after hundreds of years of enjoyment of their status, their powers, and their ability to shape the government of Japan. The future of these Japanese warriors was to be determined by the fact that many of them were exchange students. Because so many of them were literate and well-educated scholars, some of these exchange students started private schools for higher education, while many decided to take on new careers, becoming reporters and writers and introduced new governmental services.
There are many areas of Japanese culture that have come and gone, but some have stayed for generations. Atelier Japan aims to keep traditional Japanese craft alive for as long as possible. Visit our website to browse our collection of handcrafted tea, silverware, pottery, jewellery and fans, and add a piece of Japanese history to your home. https://www.atelierjapan.co.uk/
            

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Japanese Pottery: A tale as old as time

Japanese pottery is one of the oldest craft forms of Japan, dating as far back as the Neolithic period. Japan has a vast, successful history of pottery with kilns producing an abundance of earthenware, pottery, stoneware, glazed pottery, glazed stoneware, porcelain and blue-and-white ware to high acclaim across the world. Let’s take a look at the journey that Japanese pottery has taken over time to become the style that we know today.

Jōmon – Yayoi Period

The earliest pottery was said to originate during the Neolithic period, but it wasn’t until the Jōmon period that Japanese pottery began to take on a more extravagant style. During this period, Japanese pottery was formed using coiling clay ropes and fired in an open fire whilst being decorated with hand-impressed rope patterns. This point of pottery history became known for its highly flamboyant style, though as Japanese pottery entered the Yayoi period, a new style of earthenware characterised by simple, minimal patterns was introduced.

Kofun – Heian Period

During the Kofun period, Japanese pottery making techniques started to adapt and the first introductions of the potter’s wheel and Anagama kiln were brought into the Japanese pottery world. These new processes led to the first productions of Japanese stoneware pottery. Stoneware pottery was remarkably popular throughout Japan, with its function changing vastly over time. Originally funerary ware during the Nara and Heian periods, stoneware then became an elite piece of tableware before being used as a ritual vessel for Buddhist altars. As Japanese pottery entered into the Heian period, simple green lead glazes were produced for temples through new kiln techniques introduced by the Tang Dynasty of China.

Kamakura – Muromachi Period

Japanese pottery began to develop even more during the Kamakura period, with glazing techniques becoming more popular and widespread. Kiln technology was improved leading to the founding of the ‘Six Old Kilns’; Shigaraki, Tamba, Bizen, Tokoname, Echizen, and Seto. The Seto kiln was the Japanese pottery leader at the time, producing new glaze techniques and colours that were often imitations of Chinese ceramics. During the Muromachi period, a number of Japanese monks who travelled to monasteries in China brought pieces of pottery that would later be imitated by Seto kilns and were highly valued for tea ceremonies. Similarly, the sophisticated Jian ware from China was later developed as tenmoku within Japanese pottery.

Azuchi-Momoyama – Sengoku period

The Azuchi-Momoyama period saw an abundance of imported Chinese pottery from greenware to white porcelain, with Chinese, Korean and Vietnamese pottery regarded as sophisticated items to be used in upper-class tea ceremonies. To meet the altering tastes of the time, Japanese pottery began to quickly adapt. As Japan entered the Sengoku period, Buddhism saw tea masters introduced to more changes with tastes favouring the style of Korean tea bowls and native Japanese pottery over that of sophisticated Chinese porcelain. During the invasion of Korea in 1592, new and exciting pottery techniques were introduced from the country’s artistic pottery makers. As tradition suggests, Korea discovered a source of porcelain clay within Japan which lead to the first production of traditional Japanese porcelain. The Korean potters also brought improved kiln technology, leading to the use of Satsuma, Hagi, Karatsu, Takatori, Agano and Arita kilns.

Edo period

As Japanese pottery entered into the Edo period, global conflict led to the damage of many traditional kilns. In the remaining Arita kilns, Chinese potter refugees introduced new, more refined porcelain techniques and enamel glazes to Japanese pottery. By 1658, the Dutch East Indian Company turned to Japan in search of blue-and-white porcelain to sell in Europe. To cope with demand, Arita kilns had to quickly expand their capacity, allowing them to export vast quantities of Japanese pottery and porcelain to Europe and Asia. At the end of the Edo period, white porcelain clay was discovered in more areas of Japan and was traded domestically, letting potters move more freely and create explore different designs and techniques.

Meiji – Taishō – Shōwa Era

During the Meiji era, Japanese Pottery was under threat from increasing Westernisation. Many traditional potters broke away and most artisans lost their source of income. As Japan descended into the Shōwa era, the folk art movement began. With Japan becoming rapidly urbanised, the artists of this era began to study traditional glazing techniques to preserve the native wares that were in danger of disappearing. That being said, Japanese pottery struggled further during the Shōwa era with the Pacific war; all resources went towards the war effort, leaving the production and development of Japanese pottery in serious decline.

Heisei era to present

As time passed, kilns returned to producing traditional Japanese pottery. Most village wares were made anonymously by local potters for practical purposes and these local styles tended to shut out present influences and instead focused on the traditional. Artist potters began to experiment at the Kyoto and Tokyo arts universities to recreate traditional porcelain and its unique decorations under the influence of ceramic teachers. Today, many master potters no longer work at major or ancient kilns and instead make classic pottery all across Japan.
Are you looking to bring a piece of Japanese pottery history into your home? At Atelier Japan, our collection of handcrafted, traditional pieces of pottery from leading artisans allow you to add some Japanese pottery heritage to your home’s interior. Go online to browse our range of exquisite Rokubeygama and Ogawayozan pottery. https://www.atelierjapan.co.uk/
 
                 

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Japanese Religion: A tale of Buddhism and Shinto

In countries across the world, religion has often played a part in influencing the culture of a nation, and when it comes to Japanese religion, there are two that have been present for centuries; Buddhism and Shinto. Although the people of Japan follow a collection of different religions, Buddhism and Shinto are the most popular due to their intricate belief systems about the sanctity of human life and death.

Buddhism

Buddhism is a highly practised religion in Japanese religion that dates back to the 6th century from Baekje, Korea. When the Baekje King sent the Japanese Emperor an image of the Buddha and sutras, the religion was highly opposed, though eventually accepted into Japanese religion by the Court. The initial uptake of this religion was slow for many years until the Empress Suiko openly encouraged the acceptance of Buddhism among all Japanese people. As time progressed, so did the number of Buddhist clergy, temples and priests. By the Heian period, Japanese religion had seen a real shift with the power of Buddhism growing vastly; many monasteries become centres of power through the establishment of warrior-monks. Both Shinto and Buddhism soon became dominant in Japanese religion with both sharing certain traits and origins.
Buddhism has long been adopted by many countries due to its spiritual path. The religion focuses on achieving enlightenment through the consequences of karma. This Japanese religion focuses on the Buddha or ‘enlightened one’, and is particularly popular as it is seen more of a way of life that concentrates on the ways in which you act rather than following rules and scriptures. There are three main types of Buddhism that are practised; Theravada or foundational Buddhism, Mahayana and Vajrayana. Each form of this Japanese religion focuses on different spiritual ideals from salvation to spiritual release.
As a primarily Japanese religion, Buddhism is celebrated through a national holiday, ‘Obon’. During the holiday of this religion, it is believed that the spirits of the dead return to earth for three days to visit the family shrines and graves. For this holiday, it is custom to clean the graves of loved ones and hold family reunions.

Shinto

The other most popular Japanese religion is the Shinto religion. Shinto is the indigenous religion of Japan and is practiced by vast numbers of the population. Defined as an action-centred religion, Shinto focuses on ritual-like practices that create a connection between modern Japan and its ancient roots. This Japanese religion believes that every living thing in nature contains a God, which is why the religion cherishes nature from the turning of the seasons to the celebration of sakura, Japans national flower. Shinto may seem quite similar to Buddhism, but there are notable differences in this Japanese religion. In essence, Shintoism places focus on spiritualism relating to the world and life, whereas Buddhism is more concerned with the soul and afterlife. Shintoism originated around the 8th-century with the earliest writing of this Japanese religion referring to a collection of native beliefs and mythology, rather than a religion itself.
Shinto shrines have very specific rules in place to celebrate and practice this Japanese religion, as well as show respect and appreciation for the shrines themselves. In Shinto shrines, you will find a water fountain where a bamboo ladle is used to wash your hands and mouth to purify the spirit before you enter the shrine. Then, you must pray by ringing the shrine bell, throwing a coin before the altar and clapping three times to summon the Kami, a sacred essence that manifests in multiple forms. It is also customary in this Japanese religion to remove your shoes as a sign of respect before kneeling on a tatami-mat to pray.
When it comes to Japanese religion, Shinto and Buddhism share many common aspects whilst still being beautifully different ways of life, exemplifying just how Japanese religion truly celebrates spirit and sentiment. If you’re searching for something to add to your interior design that is symbolic of Japanese religion and culture, visit Atelier Japan to explore an exquisite collection of pottery and ornaments that have been handcrafted to hold sentiment and meaning, ready for you to welcome them into your home. https://www.atelierjapan.co.uk/product-category/rokubey-gama/auspicious-ornaments/
 
                 

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Japanese Fashion: How fashion history has adapted

A lot has changed in Japanese fashion over the years with Western influences and societal changes continually affecting the way that fashion is perceived in Japan. Traditional Japanese fashion represents the culture’s visible artistic and traditional values through styles and materials that are recognisable across the globe. Nowadays, traditional Japanese garments are mainly worn for ceremonies and special events due to the Westernisation and complexity of traditional Japanese fashion. Let’s take a look at just how fashion has changed in Japan and adapted to suit the needs and demands of the modern fashion world.

The History of Japanese Fashion

Exploring the development of Japanese fashion takes us right back to the Nara Period of Japan. Social segregation through clothing was primarily noticeable between the lower and upper classes. Upper classes dressed in Japanese fashion that covered the majority of their body to nod to their higher social status. As the Heian Period arrived, the concept of covering the body moved more towards the idea that clothes served as protection from evil spirits and acted as a signal of social rank. As time continued to pass and ideas surrounding society changed in Japan, so did the approach to fashion. The once daily dress code soon became something of a festive trend that was saved only for the most special occasions.

Traditional Styles and Garments

The popularity of traditional Japanese fashion has slowly seen a decline over the last few years following the influence from other fashion cultures across the world that have come to both change and replace traditional Japanese fashion. However, as we look back in time we can instantly see where many modern collections and styles started from; traditional Japanese fashion itself.
The most common and well-known item of Japanese fashion is the kimono, also known as the ‘national costume of Japan’. The kimono is a dress-like wrap-over that consists of many layers that are secured in place by sashes and an obi. The process of wearing a kimono requires a lot of knowledge to carry out the multiple steps and layers that form this piece of Japanese fashion. Traditionally, the kimono was handcrafted using hemp and linen materials that were crafted from multiple layers, today more luxurious materials like silk and satin are used to craft these traditional pieces of Japanese fashion. Kimonos come in a variety of materials depending on their traditionality and even depict specific seasons and events. Different fabrics, colours, patterns and styles are used to represent the different seasons and events throughout Japan in the intricate designs of these fashion garments. Today, many versions of the kimono can be found in the modern fashion world, with multiple fashion designers using the kimono as a foundation for their current designs, influenced by its cultural and aesthetic aspects. Although the kimono is a traditional piece of Japanese fashion, it’s influences have had a significant impact on Western clothing styles.
Other types of traditional Japanese fashion items include the ‘Yukata’, a kimono-like robe that is worn specifically in the spring and summer, the ‘Hakama’, a long, wide pleated skirt generally worn over the kimono, and ‘Zori’, a wooden sandal similar to that of a flipflop. These traditional Japanese fashion garments that are still seen in Japan have all influenced the modern fashion industry.

Western Influence

Japanese fashion has seen plenty of Western influences that the country now embraces as part of a changing society and the modern world. After Japan opened up to trading, the first adoptions of Western clothing began to evolve. It became apparent that public colleges and schools were to wear Western uniforms and businessmen, teachers and other societal leaders were to adopt new, smarter Western fashion choices, with them being seen as a symbol of dignity and progression. Although Western styles and garments vastly altered fashion, many styles were adopted with the Japanese making them their own. Despite it being evident that Western culture has greatly impacted Japanese fashion, it is clear that traditional clothing is still a large part of Japanese life for now and in the future.
Japan has been influenced by Western culture for many decades but a lot of its tradition and culture still remains. From Japanese fashion and food to sake and silverware, Japan is driven by detail, culture and its artistic nature. At Atelier Japan, our collection of traditional Japanese products is just waiting to be discovered, browse our makers to explore our range of luxury handcrafted Japanese goods. www.atelierjapan.co.uk